Testament, both in relation to Jesus traditions (Matt. 13:42, 49–50; 22:13; 24:51; 25:10–46; and Synoptic parallels)5 and apostolic teachings (2 Thess. 1:9; Heb. 6:2; Jude 7; Rev. 14:10–14).6 That said, despite its wide, almost universal attestation in Christian tradition until modernity, there is no single understanding of hell.7 What might be called the “traditional” understanding (in the sense that it has occupied the majority position throughout history) includes the following arguments (or something